Oil & gas dehydration

Oil & gas dehydration

crystalline substances formed by associated molecules of hydrogen and water and having a crystalline structure. Natural gas hydrates look like wet pressed snow turning into ice. Having accumulated in the gas pipeline, they can choke or completely block the pipe and cause damage to the system’s operating conditions. When large gas volumes are transported, dehydration […]

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Oil & Gas sweetening

Oil & Gas sweetening

Natural Gas often contain carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur compounds which may require removal if their concetrations are above the acceptable limit. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are known as acid gases because in the presence of water they form carbonic acid and sulfuric acid, respectively. When H2S and other sulfur […]

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Oil & Gas separation

Oil & Gas separation

An oil/gas separator is a pressure vessel used for separating a well stream into gaseous and liquid components. They are installed either in an onshore processing station or on an offshore platform. Based on the vessel configurations, the oil/gas separators can be divided into horizontal, vertical, or spharical separators. In teams of fluids to be […]

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Flue Gas Desulfurization-FGD

Flue Gas Desulfurization-FGD

About 99% of the sulfur dioxide in air comes from human sources. The main source of sulfur dioxide in the air is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur, e.g. the generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that contains sulfur. Some mineral ores also contain sulfur, and sulfur dioxide is released when […]

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Softening

Softening

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water is more compatible with soap and extends the lifetime of plumbing. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins or NF.

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Electrodeionization-EDI

Electrodeionization-EDI

EDI is a technology that combines ion exchange resins and ion-selective membranes with direct current to remove ionized species from water. Its development and use in water purification overcame some of the limitations of ion exchange resin beds, particularly the release of ions as the beds exhaust and the associated need to change or regenerate […]

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Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes feature the smallest pores and involve, appropriately enough, the reversal of osmotic pressure in order to drive water away from dissolved molecules. Strictly speaking, RO is not a size exclusion process based on pore size; it depends on ionic diffusion to affect separation. One of its common applications is seawater desalination, […]

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Nanofiltration-NF

Nanofiltration-NF

Nanofiltration (NF) functions similarly to reverse osmosis, but is generally targeted to remove only divalent and larger ions. Monovalent ions such as sodium and chloride will pass through a nanofiltration membrane, therefore many of its uses involve de-salting of the process stream In the production of lactose from cheese whey, for example, NF concentrates lactose […]

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Ultrafiltration-UF

Ultrafiltration-UF

Ultrafiltration-UF Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven process that removes emulsified oils, metal hydroxides, colloids, emulsions, dispersed material, suspended solids, and other large molecular weight materials from water and other solutions. UF membranes are characterized by their molecular weight cut-off. UF excels at the clarification of solutions containing suspended solids, bacteria, and high concentrations of macromolecules, […]

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